In level 2 and 3 autonomy, the time available for a person to reorient and respond is often much shorter than people need.

Test: in Level 2 and Level 3 driving automation, the time a disengaged driver has to take over is often shorter than the time drivers need to regain situational awareness and respond. True: human-factors research (takeover-time studies, NHTSA or academic reviews) shows that the time drivers need to resume control after automation often exceeds the time available in realistic critical events. Mostly true: research generally supports this, with caveats (for example only in some scenarios). Mixed: the evidence is inconclusive or evenly split. Mostly false: studies mostly find that available takeover time is adequate, with only edge cases falling short. False: research shows that drivers reliably have enough time.

Set before the research began.

1. E1 Drivers with Active Secondary Tasks Need More Time to Transition from Automation ACM CHI 2017 (Mok, Johns, Miller, Ju, Stanford University) · May 2017

   “There appears to be a minimum amount of time needed for transition of control, between 5 seconds and 8 seconds.”

2. E2 'Takeover time' in driverless cars crucial to safety University of Southampton · 26 January 2017

   “found that, under non-critical conditions, drivers needed between 1.9 and 25.7 seconds to take control from automation.”

3. E3 'Takeover time' in driverless cars crucial to safety University of Southampton · 26 January 2017

   “Too short a lead time, for example seven seconds prior to taking control, as found in some studies of critical response time, could prevent drivers from responding optimally.”

4. E4 Human Factor Considerations on Timing of Driver Taking Over in Automated Driving Systems: A Literature Review Springer (conference chapter) · 10 July 2020

   “So, when drivers out-of-the-loop suddenly need to take over control from an automated driving system, accidents are more likely to occur if the time of take-over required is more than available”

Independent human-factors research supports the claim, with some caveats. E1 reports that a transition of control needs at least about 5 to 8 seconds, and E2 reports takeover times ranging from 1.9 to 25.7 seconds even in non-critical conditions. E3 notes that lead times of about seven seconds, as used in some critical-response studies, could stop drivers from responding optimally, and E4's review says accidents are more likely when the time drivers need exceeds the time available. None of the evidence measures the time actually available in real critical events, so the claim that it is "often" shorter is only partly confirmed. Hence mostly true rather than true.