It has been known for decades in the study of language that people do not blurt out what they mean but use euphemism, innuendo and indirection.

Judge as of 2026-10-11. True: the literature in linguistics, pragmatics and psycholinguistics has documented and widely accepted, for several decades (since at least the 1970s-1990s, for example Grice's implicature, Brown & Levinson's politeness theory, and Pinker, Nowak & Lee's 2008 work on indirect speech), that speakers routinely convey meaning indirectly through euphemism, innuendo and indirection rather than stating it outright. Mostly true: indirection is well established, but the timescale is somewhat overstated, or 'never blurt out' is too absolute while still being the common pattern. Mixed: indirection is recognised, but it has been established for a much shorter time or is treated as marginal. Mostly false: the work exists but is narrow or contested and is presented as a settled major fact. False: the literature does not support routine indirect speech.

Set before the research began.

1. E1 Paul Grice Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy · 13 December 2005

   “Conversational implicatures are, roughly, things that a hearer can work out from the way something was said rather than what was said. People process conversational implicatures all of the time and are mostly unaware of it.”

2. E2 Paul Grice Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy · 13 December 2005

   “The best known of his ideas, that of a conversational implicature, first appeared in a 1961 paper “The Causal Theory Of Perception”, but was a focus of the James Lectures.”

3. E3 Introduction John Benjamins Publishing · 29 October 2020

   “Direct Speech is not a Natural Default: Rejoinder to Steven Pinker’s ‘Indirect Speech, Politeness, Deniability, and Relationship Negotiation.’” Journal of”

4. E4 Introduction John Benjamins Publishing · 29 October 2020

   “Brown, Penelope, and Stephen C. Levinson. 1987. Politeness:”

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy says Grice's idea of conversational implicature, meaning that listeners work out from how something is said, dates to a 1961 paper. It also says people process such implicatures all the time (E1, E2). A 2020 scholarly introduction cites Brown & Levinson's 1987 work on politeness. It also cites a rejoinder to Pinker's paper on indirect speech titled 'Direct Speech is not a Natural Default', which shows that his paper drew a published response (E3, E4). Together these support a decades-old, accepted view that speakers often convey meaning indirectly. Pinker's phrasing that people 'don't blurt out what they mean', which he qualified as 'a lot of our language', is somewhat broader than this evidence directly shows.