America has repeatedly found ways to challenge concentration of wealth and power.

True: the historical record shows several (at least two or three) distinct episodes in which the US took effective action against concentrated wealth or power, for example antitrust law and trust-busting (Sherman Act, Standard Oil breakup), progressive income and estate taxes, New Deal reforms, or the Bell System breakup. Mostly true: such episodes exist but were less effective or less frequent than 'repeatedly' implies. Mixed: there are some examples, but historians broadly judge them largely ineffective. Mostly false: only a single episode, or mainly symbolic ones, can be identified. False: the US has no such history.

Set before the research began.

1. E1 History of United States antitrust law - Wikipedia Wikipedia · 12 April 2013

   “The results were mixed. Federal action finally won out in 1911, splitting Standard Oil into 33 companies.”

2. E2 How Gilded Ages End - The American Prospect The American Prospect · 29 April 2015

   “Three years later, with World War I under way in Europe, Congress established the federal estate tax and also applied it initially only to the wealthy few. Republicans cut both taxes in 1926, but under Franklin Roosevelt in the 1930s and especially during World War II, Congress made the taxes highly progressive.”

3. E3 Reform in the Gilded Age Varsity Tutors · 15 January 2025

   “However, the ICC lacked effective enforcement mechanisms, and federal courts frequently sided with railroads in disputes, limiting the Act's practical impact in its first decade.”

4. E4 How Gilded Ages End - The American Prospect The American Prospect · 29 April 2015

   “As daunting as the political challenges were at the time, the Gilded Age came to an end with the reforms of the Progressive era and the New Deal.”

The evidence describes several separate US actions against concentrated wealth and power. Federal action split Standard Oil into 33 companies in 1911 [E1]. Congress created a federal estate tax aimed at the wealthy, and under Roosevelt in the 1930s and during World War II it made taxes highly progressive [E2]. One source says the Gilded Age ended with the reforms of the Progressive era and the New Deal [E4]. E3 notes that early railroad regulation under the ICC had limited practical effect in its first decade, but that applies to a particular early measure and does not cancel the later episodes, which meet the 'repeatedly' standard.